Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The most common use of 1,2dichloroethane is in the production of vinyl chloride, which is used to make polyvinyl chloride pvc pipes, furniture and automobile upholstery, wall coverings, housewares, and automobile parts. These effects occur within 5 minutes if you are exposed to about 10,000 ppm of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride occurs in ground water when some kinds of solvents break down.
Poly vinyl chloride, pvc, is a common commodity plastic, and its production is the third largest, after. The major industrial preparation of vinyl chloride begins with ethylene and has two. If you breathe high levels of vinyl chloride, you will feel dizzy or sleepy. Many translated example sentences containing vinyl chloride monomer germanenglish dictionary and search engine for german translations. It is highly susceptible to uv and hightemperature degradation and stabilizers see stabilizers in the polymer additives section are commonly added.
This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride pvc. It is also called as vinyl chloride monomer vcm or chloroethene. Pdf vinyl chloride is an organo chloride with the formula h 2 c. In 2018, northeast asia was the largest consumer of vcm, accounting for over half of the worlds vcm demand. Polyvinyl chloride pvc is an important com mercial thermoplastic, which is widely used in industrial fields due to its good properties and low cost. Several properties including flexibility, durability, compatibility, sterilisability and low cost contribute to its use in applications such as blood bags, examination gloves, dialysis equipment, mouthpieces etc. The major issue with this process is that fact that the catalyst used, mercuric chloride, is a very volatile compound. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm chemical economics handbook.
Thermally modified polyvinyl alcohol as a protective. Polyvinyl chloride pvc physical and mechanical properties. A majority of the vinyl chloride in the united states is used to produce polyvinyl chloride. Vinyl and vinylidene chlorides hydrophobic polymers sigma. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm national pollutant inventory. The suspension polymerisation of vinyl chloride is the main. Electrical conductivity measurements the electrical conductivity. Initiators on heating, these become a source of freeradicals which start the polymerisation reaction.
Vinyl chloride 99% of vcm is used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride pvc. Vinyl chloride is soluble in hydrocarbons, oil, alcohol, chlorinated solvents, and most common organic liquids. The catalyst yielded the colourless polymer with a high degree of polymerization. This breakthrough material was brought about to substitute for metals, glass, wood, natural fibers, papers and fabrics. The vinyl chloride test method is for measuring vinyl chloride monomer present in polyvinyl chloride by gc fid using the headspace method.
Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is one of the leading chemicals used mainly for manufacturing polyvinyl chloride pvc. The odor threshold for vinyl chloride in air is reported as 3,000 parts per million ppm. Study of influence of copolymer vinyl chloride and vinyl. Vinyl chloride was once considered for use as an inhalation anesthetic. Telomerization of vinyl chloride with chloroform initiated by. Vinyl chloride synthesis by chlorination or substitution. The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. The liquid vinyl chloride monomer vcm is piped to the autoclaves where the polymer is formed in the presence of water, suspending agents, initiators and at a controlled temperature. Pdf optimization of vinyl chloride monomervcm production. Us3522227a us3522227da us3522227a us 3522227 a us3522227 a us 3522227a us 3522227d a us3522227d a us 3522227da us 3522227 a us3522227 a us 3522227a authority us united states prior art keywords polymerization autoclave monomer agitator agitation prior art date 19630226 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Evaluation of animal experiments using the linearized multistage model leads to. All types of vinyl products can be recycled and processed into second generation products.
When handling vinyl chloride, refer to the safety data sheet and product warning label and follow all instructions and warnings. The following pie chart shows world consumption of vinyl chloride monomer. Regnault in france first produced vinyl chloride monomer in 1835 and baumann first recorded its polymerisation in 1872 after exposing sealed tubes containing the monomer to sunlight. Please note that the layout and pagination of this pdf file and the printed ehc are not identical. Nervous system toxicity has been observed in inhalation studies at high exposure levels. Pvc is one of the most important plastic materials used worldwide in various phases of the construction industry, such as. Us8562858b2 process for the polymerization of vinyl. This method is applicable for the determination of the vinyl chloride monomer vcm content of inprocess wastewater samples, and the residual vinyl chloride monomer rcvm content of polyvinyl chloride pvc resins, wet, cake, slurry, and latex samples. A power supply unit gm 4516101 from philips the netherlands was used. The direct, intracellular metabolism of vinyl chloride proceeds via oxidation to an intermediate compound chlorooxirane which ultimately degrades to carbon dioxide and water hartmans and debont, 1992.
University of groningen new aspects of the suspension. It is so volatile that much of the development work on this. Mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloridewood flour. Investigators studying the effects of vinyl chloride exposure frequently report central nervous system symptoms that are consistent with the anesthetic properties of vinyl chloride. Pvc emulsion resins are small particle powders containing very little free monomer. The polymerization system was studied using two conventional radical initiators having very distinct halflife times at room temperature. In vinyl chloridevinyl acetate copolymers, at both extremes of the composition range, incorporation of the comonomer unit results in destabilization. Study of influence of copolymer vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate on the properties of butadiene nitrile rubber. In vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymers, at both extremes of the composition range, incorporation of the comonomer unit results in destabilization. The heat and entropy of sorption were shown to be very close to those of condensation.
During the degradation of a 47% vac copolymer, the hclacetic acid ratio remains the same during the. Exposure to vinyl chloride occurs mainly in the workplace. In htc, the reaction is conducted at the boiling point of edc at 1. Developed by tosoh researchers, our oxychlorination process has allowed tosoh to maintain the largest production capacity of vcm in japan. Vinyl is the most widely used medical polymer in use today. Introduction to polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride pvc was first manufactured in germany in 1931 as a robust and lightweight new plastic. However, it sometimes happens that, locally, over short chain segments, pvc is syndiotactic and can assume the crystalline phase, but the percent shear fracture never exceeds 10 to 15 %. Analysis of vinyl chloride in polyvinyl chloride plastics. The pvc worldwide production capacity in 2005 was of about 35 million tons per year, with an annual growth of about 3%, placed after polyole. Vinyl and vinylidene chlorides poly vinyl chloride is often highly plasticized to improve rheology for melt processing. In our case the polymerization is carried out in suspension in a 1l autoclave, as described in chapter 2. The most important reaction of vinyl chloride is its polymerization and copolymerization in the presence of a radicalgenerating initiator.
Being a very well known membr of the family of vinyl polymers. Vinyl chloride has been reported in groundwater as a degradation product of the chlorinated solvents trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene ipcs, 1999. Some relevant physical and chemical properties of vc are listed below sax and lewis, 1989. Gc detector responses for vinyl chloride and nbutaneunder the present gc conditions. The solubilities measured in this study were higher than those obtained in other studies on dry pvc and pvc latex. Common synonyms of vinyl chloride vc include chloroethene, chloroethylene, ethylene monochloride, and monochloroethene. Polyvinyl chloride of all synthetic thermoplastics, polyvinyl chloride pvc is probably one of the polymers in modern use with the oldest pedigree. The process for emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer vcm to produce polyvinyl chloride pvc has been used for decades, yet information concerning the monomer and the reaction mechanism has only recently begun to appear in the chemical literature. The three diffe rent modes are known as headiotail, headtohead and tailtptai1 structure, as shown in figure 6. According to recent reports it is still a cause for concern. The following significant features of kinetics of radical polymerization of vinyl chloride are common for bulk, suspension and emulsion polymerization. The chemical compound 1,2dichloroethane, commonly known as ethylene dichloride edc, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon. Vinyl chloride vc and its application in a carcinogenic risk assessment.
Vinyl chloride is highly stable in the absence of sunlight or oxygen. Temperature dependence of henrys law constant for nbutane in watr. It can be formed when other substances such as trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene are broken down. China is the largest overall player in the vcm market, with more than 40% of the total global capacity, production, and consumption in 2018. Vinyl chloride is used primarily to make pvc, a substance used in products such as pipes. Samples of polyvinyl alcohol thus obtained were tested as protective colloids in suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride. It is produced commercially by combining a hydrocarbon feedstock, namely ethylene, obtained by cracking natural gas or petroleum, with elemental. The polymers identified in paragraph a of this section may be safely admixed, alone or in mixture with other permitted polymers, as modifiers in semirigid and rigid vinyl chloride plastic foodcontact articles prepared from vinyl chloride homopolymers andor from vinyl chloride copolymers complying with 177. Acute shortterm exposure to high levels of vinyl chloride in air has. Vinyl chloride is a manufactured substance that does not occur naturally. The present work was performed to add to the knowledge of vcm emulsion polymerization. Vinyl chloride is a colorless gas that burns easily. Pvc is used to make a variety of products, including plastics, hoses, pipes and fittings for outdoor irrigation, wire and cable coatings, packaging materials, furniture and automobile upholstery, flooring, windows, credit or atm cards, wall coverings, housewares, outdoor furniture, plastic containers, wrapping film, automotive parts.
Vinyl chloride is used primarily to make polyvinyl chloride pvc. Vinyl chloride vc is both a known carcinogen and a regulated chemical, and its production capacity has almost doubled over the last 20 years, currently 27 million tonsyear worldwide. In a process for the aqueous suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride, alone or in mixture with other monomers, in the presence of at least one of dialkylperoxydicarbonate, peroxyester and diacyl peroxide, the polymerization composition according to the invention comprises at least one dialkylhydroxylamine as a shortstopping agent along with a totally or partially hindered phenolic antioxidant. Mechanisms of bulk and emulsion polymerization are discussed. In the present work, a model of this furnace was developed in gproms r. Many of the documents used to prepare this paper are a part of the collection of the cesare maltoni. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is the key chemical precursor to pvc. Modified polyvinyl alcohol as a dispersant in suspension. Our catalyst system, unlike a simple zieglertype catalyst, induces a random copolymerization of vinyl chloride and propylene with a different monomer reactivity ratio. Oxychems affiliate oxyvinyls, lp is the largest vinyl chloride monomer vcm producer in the united states.
Poly vinyl chlorideits properties,preparation and uses. Vinyl chloride is an intermediate in the production of pvc plastic used in a wide range of products including pipes, wire and cable coatings, packaging materials, upholstery for automobiles and. Environmental protection agency, pvc pipes can leach vinyl chloride into drinking water. Vc is a manmade chemical and is one of the highest production volume chemicals in the world. Tsca congress must protect people from toxic chemicals. The addition of ultrasound further improved the reaction and yield was raised to 51. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroformlike odour. Sample pretreatment is conducted according to that specified in. Vapors are heavier than air and may travel a long distance and accumulate in low lying areas. It is the building block for its polymer poly vinyl chloride pvc and other copolymers with acetate and vinyl chloride. The reaction is autocatalytic from the onset of reaction. The reaction order, with respect to the initiator, is close to 0.
Vinyl chloride has also been associated with mammary breast cancer. That is, they are intended to represent the tradable value throughout the week leading up to the date of the report. Manufacturing pvc australian vinyls australian vinyls. According to the research results carried our by ik method spectroscopy in a butadiene part of polymer upon poymerizaton of the sometrc composton of doube bonds in the filled system was. The role of each is essential in the reaction process. Vinyl chloride is used to make polyvinyl chloride pvc. Aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol or partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate was modi fied either thermally or thermooxidatively at 140 to 240 c.
Apr 05, 2018 rationale for vinyl chloride monomer methodology all icispublished spot assessments in the weekly vinyl chloride monomer reports are socalled weeks range assessments. Advanced modelling of vinyl chloride monomer production via. Vinyl chloride is also a product of anaerobic degradation of chlorination solvents such as would be expected to occur in groundwater and landfills. Product stewardship summary vinyl chloride page 3 of 9 edition 1 to minimize potential harm to people, animals and the environment. It is used mainly in the production of polyvinyl chloride polymers pvc. Potential for exposure may vary depending upon sitespecific conditions. In a rat study, oral absorption of vinyl chloride was about 95 percent. Vinyl chloride wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. Vinyl chloride vc is volatile organic compound, meaning that it can become a gas in certain. Pvc suspensions resins are usually relatively dustfree and granular with varying degrees of particle porosity. Vinyl chloride has been found in the air near vinyl chloride manufacturing and processing plants, hazardous waste sites, and landfills. Vinyl chloride monomer summary vinyl chloride monomer vcm is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature. It is a toxic and carcinogenic gas that is handled under special protective procedures. Solubility of vinyl chloride in poly vinyl chloride in a.
Vcm molecules are polymerized to form pvc resin, to which appropriate additives are incorporated to make a customized pvc compound. This toxic chemical is a known human carcinogen causing liver cancer, brain cancer and some cancers of the blood. Most vinyl chloride is used to make polyvinyl chloride pvc plastic and vinyl products. Occupational exposure to vinylidene chloride may occur by inhalation or dermal contact. Theterm polyvinyl chloride, or pvc, indicates homopo1ymers of vinyl chloride and incorrectly copolymers containing amow1ts of vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetage, ethylene, propylene or acrylates. Pdf polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites prepared in the. Pvc consumption is second to low density polyethylene. You can easily smell vinyl chloride at this concentration.
Over 30 million tons of pvc is used around the globe today, both in. Total of liver angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neoplastic nodules feron et al. It does not occur naturally and must be produced industrially for its commercial uses. This information includes synonyms, chemical formula and structure, and identification numbers. Pdf on jun 28, 2014, agnieszka abramowicz and others published polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites prepared in the suspension polymerization process. In addition to phthalates and vinyl chloride, pvc can also release dioxins and bisphenol a bpa. Goodrich learned to plasticize the compound with additives, making it much more flexible and. The vinyl chloride monomer vcm is formed by combining ethylene obtained from oil with chlorine produced from the electrolysis of salt water. Polymerization of vinyl chloride at ambient temperature. Vinyl chloride monomer is an extremely flammable vapor and liquid.
Breathing high levels of vinyl chloride for short periods of time can cause dizziness, sleepiness, unconsciousness, and at extremely high levels can cause death. Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula h 2 cchcl that is also called vinyl chloride monomer vcm or chloroethene. Health effects absorptionmetabolism in one study, human absorption from inhalation exposure to vinyl chloride was about 40 percent. This catalytic method enables a green route to arylzvinyl chlorides. It is primarily used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride pvc, a very stable. Vinyl chloride vcm is one of the most important commodity materials, being the main raw material in the production of polyvinyl chloride pvc, and is mainly produced through the thermal cracking of dichloroethane, edc, in a pyrolysis furnace. Pvc is produced by polymerizing vinyl chloride vcm, a highly toxicexplosive chemical intermediate which is manufactured strictly for this purpose. Vinyl chloride ch 2 chcl, also known as chloroethylene, is most often obtained by reacting ethylene with oxygen and hydrogen chloride over a copper catalyst. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature. When vinyl chloride monomer is stored in closed containers, a flammable atmosphere can develop.
Polyvinyl chloride resins are produced by four basic processes. Second only to polyethylene among the plastics in production and consumption, pvc is used in an enormous range of domestic and industrial products, from raincoats and shower curtains to window frames and indoor plumbing. Small quantities of vinyl chloride can be released to food by migration of vinyl chloride monomer present in polyvinyl chloride food wrappings and containers. Analytical methods vinyl chloride is first purged from the water and then collected for gas chromatographic gc analysis by headspacepurge and trap. In this manner the heat of reaction, which is seven times the heat of edc vaporization, can be used advantageously for puri.
Unnotched and notched impact strength of pvcwood flourglass fiber hybrid composites could be increased significantly without losing flexural properties by adding type l glass fibers and over 40% of pvc. Vinyl chloride, a colourless, flammable, toxic gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds and used principally in making polyvinyl chloride, or pvc, a widely used plastic with numerous applications. Pvc is an atactic polymer and therefore essentially uncrystallized. It is primarily used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride pvc, a very stable, nonflammable, lightweight and durable plastic. The process of producing vcm from raw materials is sensitive and requires careful monitoring to avoid contaminated products. Reversible deactivation radical polymerization of vinyl chloride vc by methyl ethoxycarbonothioylsulfanyl acetate meamediated macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthate madix polymerization at ambient temperature is reported. Molecular weight does not depend upon the conversion or. Department of health and human services, public health service. Polyvinyl chloride is produced by polymerization of the vinyl chloride monomer vcm, as shown. Vinyl chloride vc is a colorless gas with a mild, sweet odor. Breathing vinyl chloride for long periods of time can result in permanent liver damage, immune reactions, nerve damage, and liver cancer. Pvc also includes vinyl chloride, a combustible sweetsmelling gas. Polyvinyl chloride pvc, a synthetic resin made from the polymerization of vinyl chloride. Polyvinyl chloride an overview sciencedirect topics.